Learning Outcomes for Chemistry 212
Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- Identify, classify, organize, analyze, and draw structures of organic molecules.
- Apply the basic rules of organic nomenclature to convert between structures and names.
- Recall reagents and predict products for a defined set of organic reactions.
- Draw organic structures consistent with the results of specific chemical tests.
- Predict the physical properties of organic chemicals based on their structures (e.g. relative boiling point, melting point, and solubility.)
- Analyze the influence of structure and physical properties of organic molecules on their biological properties (e.g. drug action, membrane fluidity, energy storage, cell signaling.)
- Recall details of specific case studies that apply the chemical principles learned in class to biology and medicine (e.g. goiter, thalidomide, AquaDots, Gleevec, vorinostat, etc.)
- Demonstrate proficiency in organic chemical laboratory techniques. (Chemical tests, extraction, filtration, instrumental analysis, molecular model building)
Course Objectives for Chemistry 212
At the completion of this course, the successful student will be able do the following:
Introduction
- Explain the major difference between organic and inorganic chemistry
- Draw structural formulas for organic compounds
- Distinguish between covalent and ionic bonding.
- Classify bonds as polar and non-polar.
- Write Lewis electron dot structures for organic compounds.
- Recognize different functional groups: halides, alcohols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, and esters.
- Write condensed structural formulas for organic compounds
- Use the VSERP Model to predict shapes of molecules
- Construct molecular models of organic compounds
Alkanes
- Explain the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon
- Draw line-angle formula for alkanes
- Give examples of constitutional isomers
- Name alkanes and cycloalkanes according to the IUPAC system given the structural formulas and vice versa
- Discuss the envelope conformation of cyclopentane and the chair conformation of cyclohexane
- Sketch conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes using sawhorse, Newman and perspective representations
- Discuss how the physical properties of alkanes are affected by their molar mass
- Define cis-trans isomerism of cycloalkanes
- List the characteristic reactions of the cycloalkanes
- Perform tests, such as the Baeyer's test, to identify hydrocarbons
Alkenes and Alkynes
- Give examples of cis-trans stereoisomerism in alkene molecules
- Name alkenes and alkynes according to the IUPAC system given the structural formula and vice versa.
- List the characteristic reactions of the alkenes and alkynes such as hydrohalogenation and acid-catalyzed hydration
- Describe the properties of polyethylene and common terpenes
Benzene and Its Derivatives
- Draw the structure of benzene and discuss its resonance properties
- Use the IUPAC system to give correct names for benzene and its derivatives
- Explain the meaning of the term: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
- Give examples of characteristic reactions of benzene and its derivatives
- Describe the characteristics of an antioxidant
Alcohols, Ethers, and Thiols
- Name alcohols, ethers, and thiols according to the IUPAC system given the structural formulas and vice versa
- Discuss the physical properties of alcohols, ethers, and thiols
- List important reactions of alcohols, ethers, and thiols
Chirality: The Handedness of Molecules
- Define the terms: enantiomerism, chirality, racemic mixture, stereoisomer
- Explain the function of a polarimeter
- Discuss the significance of chirality in biomolecules
Acids and Bases
- Discuss the properties of acids and bases
- Identify conjugate acid-base pairs
- Use the Ka and pKa values to determine the strength of acid/base solutions
- Discuss the properties of a buffer
Amines
- Give examples of a primary, secondary and tertiary amine
- Name amines according to the IUPAC system given the structural formulas and vice versa
- Discuss the physical properties of amines including their basicity
- List some characteristic reactions of amines
Aldehydes and Ketones
- Explain the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone
- Name aldehydes and ketones according to the IUPAC system given the structural formulas and vice versa
- Discuss the physical properties of aldehydes and ketones
- List some characteristic reactions of aldehydes and ketones
- Define keto-enol tautomerism
Carboxylic Acids
- Identify the carboxyl group in a carboxylic acid
- Name carboxylic acids according to the IUPAC system given the structural formulas and vice versa
- Discuss the physical properties of carboxylic acids
- List some characteristic reactions of carboxylic acids
- Discuss the properties of fatty acids, soaps and detergents
- Illustrate the synthesis of an ester using Fischer esterification
Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, and Amines
- List some characteristic reactions of carboxylic anhydrides, esters and amines
- Discuss PET: polyethylene terephthalate and its uses
Carbohydrates
- Give examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
- Draw chemical structures for some common sugars: glucose, lactose, maltose etc.
- Explain why humans cannot use cellulose for food
Lipids
- Illustrate the structure of a triglyceride
- List some properties of triglycerides
- Discuss saponification
- Discuss the role lipids play in the structure of membranes
- Briefly explain the difference between sphingolipids, glycolipids and steroids
- Describe the physiological roles of steroid hormones
- Define a bile salt
Proteins
- Briefly describe some of the functions of proteins such as structure, catalysis, movement, transport, hormones, protection, storage and regulation
- Draw structures for all twenty amino acids
- Define the term: zwitterion
- Define what is meant by the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein
- Give examples and discuss the properties of some common proteins
Enzymes
- Define the term: enzyme
- List factors that influence enzyme activity and explain their influence in a typical scenario
- Discuss some models of enzyme activity
- Give examples of how enzymes are regulated
Neurotransmitters and Hormones
- Describe the basic parts of the nervous system
- Give examples of chemical messenger behavior
- Describe the bases of Parkinson's Disease
- Give one example of a drug imitating a neurotransmitter
Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids and Heredity
- Outline the structures of DNA and RNA and explain the structural difference
- List the roles of different types of RNA such as transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA
- Describe the basic structure of a gene